-
2118 - Some 13,700,000,000 years ago the whole
Universe was squeezed into a singularity that was infinitely dense and
infinitely hot with energy. The laws of
physics, the theory of relativity, and the mathematics in general does not
handle infinities very well. They still help us define the four fundamental
forces, the three families of fundamental particles and how stars, galaxies,
planets and people exist in this structure
-
-
-
---------------------------------- 2118 - The
History of Energy in the Universe
-
- Some 13,700,000,000 years ago the whole
Universe was squeezed into a singularity that was infinitely dense and
infinitely hot with energy. The laws of
physics, the theory of relativity, and the mathematics in general does not
handle infinities very well.
-
- Infinite density, infinite temperature,
infinite space-time curvature, all made the equations meaningless. We have to start the Universe at 10^-43 seconds,
because that is the shortest time physics can handle, .000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
seconds.
Before then, we have no theory of what
happened.
-
- The force of all this creation appears to be
gravity. Ironically gravity is the weakest
force. It is 10^33 times weaker than the
other three forces yet it has another property.
It works over infinite distances and it increases with mass, up to the
mass of the Universe.
-
- This
property is what caused gravity to prevail in the beginning of the
Universe. We are not certain it will
continue to prevail to the end. It
appears that Dark Energy is the newly discovered that is taking over. Dark Energy is causing the Universe to
accelerate in its expansion.
-
- The electromagnetic force is 10^36 times
stronger than gravity. (That’s 1 followed by 36 zeros). However, it is less powerful for the fact
that electric charges come in both positive and negative versions. When you have the two together they
neutralize each other and no force exists with a neutral charge.
-
- The Strong force exists inside the nucleus of
atoms. The quarks that make up protons
and neutrons inside the nucleus carry a “color charge” which is affected by the
strong force. Electrons, neutrinos, and
photons do not carry a color charge and are unaffected by the Strong
force. The Strong force is 10^38 times
stronger than gravity but works over the limited distances across the width of
an atom.
-
- The Weak force is responsible for holding
neutrons together. During radioactive
decay the Weak force breaks down and the neutron and divides into a proton and
an electron while emitting gamma ray radiation.
The Weak force is 10^5, or 100,000 times weaker than the Strong
force. It is 10^33 times stronger than
gravity.
-
- In the cosmos the Weak force along with
gravity affect Dark Matter. However,
Dark Matter does not feel the Strong force or the Electromagnetic force.
-
- Each of these four forces are carried by
elementary particles, Force Carriers.
The force carriers are exchanged between particles to create the force
that exists between them. Photons are
the force carriers for the electric and magnetic forces. Gravitons are the force carriers for
gravity. Gluons carry the Strong force
between protons and neutrons. Vector
bosons carrier the Weak force in neutrons.
-
- Energy is contained in the mass of each of
these particles and force carriers.
Energy = mass * speed of light squared.
E = m*c^2.
-
- If a proton mass was converted to energy it
would equal 1,000,000,000 electron volts, 1 billion eV. This
energy value becomes a good reference point.
One billion electron volts is the amount of energy to lift a single
grain of sand one centimeter off the surface of the Earth.
-
Using
the proton and 1 billion electron volts as a reference we can scale all the
energy in the Universe:
-
----- Proton is 1
= 10^0
(10 to the zero power is 1)
-
----- Microwave background radiation = .000000000000000000000000001, 10^-27
-
----- Photons of starlight = .000000001, 10^-9
-
----- Gamma rays = .003
(.003 billion eV)
-
----- Lifting a cup of coffee =
10,000,000,000, 10^10 billion eV
-
----- Daily human calorie intake =
100,000,000,000,000,000
-
----- The atomic bomb =
10^23.5
-
----- Daily sunlight =
10^29
-
----- Energy to sterilize Earth = 10^38
-
----- Formation of the Moon =
10^40
-
----- Formation of a planet =
10^42
-
----- Formation of a star =
10^51
-
----- Supernova explosion =
10^53.8
-
----- Formation of a galaxy = 10^61
-
----- Formation of a black hole = 10^68
-
----- Energy content of the Universe =
10^80 billion electron volts
-
-
The law of conservation of energy tells
us that energy is always conserved. It
can be transformed from one form to another but it never disappears.
-
- A star
is born from an interstellar cloud requiring 10^51 billion electron volts. The star radiates that same amount of energy
over its lifetime in photons of radiation.
-
- In addition to the law of conservation of
energy there is a law of entropy which states that the amount of disorder in a
system, or in the Universe, always increases, it never decreases.
-
- To illustrate: An ice cube in your drink cools the drink
because heat always flows in one direction, from hot to cold. The energy is conserved but it only flows
from hot to cold. You will never create
an ice cube in your drink on its own. A
larger system would need to be introduced to the system in order to freeze the
drink, but entropy would still exist in the larger system. There is no way to avoid entropy in a total
system.
-
- Our Universe has enormous entropy content, or
a very high degree of disorder. Entropy
in the Observable Universe is 10^88, approximately equal to the number of
particles in thermal equilibrium in the Universe. The total number of protons in the Universe
is 10^78, 10 billion times smaller. This
large ratio implies that the Universe will live a very long time before
reaching thermal equilibrium and total entropy.
-
- A system exhibits “chaos” if it shows extreme
sensitivity to initial conditions. A
system exhibits “complexity” if it has a delicate compromise between simplicity
and randomness.
-
- Complex systems store a great deal of
information but not as much as pure randomness.
In pure randomness every point must be specified in order to define a
pattern. So randomness requires the
maximum quantity of information. Its
quality however is highly unsatisfying.
-
- Living biological systems cannot have too
much simplicity and they must not be random.
They exist in the delicate balance of complexity. Our Universe is both chaos and complex at the
same time in its structure.
-
- In our initial time step for our Universe,
10^-43 seconds, the Universe was a sphere the size of a proton, 10^-13
centimeters diameter. In order to
explain its homogeneous and isotropic character that we observe, the Universe
might have experienced a rapid inflation, an increasing in size by a factor of
10^28. (For a comparison number, the
total number of stars in the Observable Universe is 10^23).
-
- When light was first released from this
sphere it had grown to 300,000 light years in diameter. This light is what we now see as cosmic
background radiation. At this point it
had grown by a factor of 10^28.
-
- Our Observable Universe today is 10^28
centimeters across. The smallest
mathematical distance is called the Planck length and it is 10^-33
centimeters. So in Planck lengths our
Universe is 10^61 Planck lengths across.
-
- Dark Energy, or Vacuum Energy, that exists in
empty space is the cause for our expanding Universe. When you deal with particles of extremely
small size (atomic size) they appear wavy, not point particles.
-
-
Even in empty space these wavy particles are
flickering in and out of existence.
These virtual particles can endow the vacuum of space with an effective
energy density. This energy density, or
negative pressure, is counteracting gravity and forcing the Universe to expand
with increasing acceleration. The Dark
Energy occupies 70% of the Universe. The
remaining 30% is matter, but 25% of that is Dark Matter. That leaves 5% for the ordinary matter in the
Universe that we can see.
-
-------- 4% are baryons, or, ordinary matter
-
-------- 0.3% are neutrinos
-
-------- 0.5% are stars
-
-------- 0.005% is radiation
-
-
The cosmic background microwave radiation is the same form as any Blackbody
radiation. When any collection of
radiation particles reaches equilibrium the number of photons at each possible
energy lever follows a well defined distribution, the Blackbody Curve. Today the microwave radiation is 2.73 degrees
Kelvin, -273 degrees C.
-
- During the Inflation era of the early
Universe the vacuum energy was 10^16 billion electron volts. Today this energy is 10^-11.5 electron
volts. It is 3*10^27 times smaller. We are at a transition point in the life of
the Universe.
-
-
From the beginning, or the end of inflation,
10^-37 seconds, to today, 3*10^17 seconds it was under normal expansion. With the transition to vacuum energy being
the dominate force in the Universe it is accelerating its expansion. This is in contrast to gravity slowing down
the expansion. If the Universe were not
accelerating the speed of light would continue to expand our Observable
Universe and more stars and galaxies would come into view. Since the Universe is accelerating our
horizons will shrink in the future. Even
the most distant galaxies that we can now see will eventually fade from view.
-
- The laws of physics help us define the four
fundamental forces, the three families of fundamental particles and how stars,
galaxies, planets and people exist in this structure. Our current Universe does contain horizons
beyond which we cannot see, 13.7 billion lightyears is our current limit. What we see is:
-
-------- 3 families of fundamental particles
-------- 4 fundamental forces
-------- 6 leptons and 6 quarks
-------- 100,000,000 galaxy clusters
-------- 100,000,000,000 galaxies
-------- 100,000,000,000,000,000 black holes, 10^17
-------- 10^23 stars
-------- 10^24 planets
-------- 10^61 age of Universe in Planck time, 10^-43
seconds
-------- 10^61 size of Universe in Planck lengths,
10^-33 centimeters
-------- 10^78 protons
-------- 10^87 photons
-------- 10^87 neutrinos
-------- 10^88 entropy of the Universe
-------- 1 life form,
that‘s us.
-
The rest mass of a proton is actually .938272
billion eV, but that is close enough to 1 for our purposes
-
-. Stay tuned there is still more to
learn....................
-
- October 11, 2018
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for
copies or Index of all reviews
--- to:
------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------
“Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
--------------------- Thursday, October 11, 2018 -------------------------
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