-
2134
-
The Force Carriers, Gluons, Bosons, and Photons. - There
are 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe. There are 4 force carriers that carry the four
forces between these elementary particles.
Understanding the elementary particles will tell us how our physical
Universe began.
-
-
-
-------------------- 2134 - The
Force Carriers, Gluons, Bosons, and Photons
-
- There are 12
fundamental particles that make up the Universe. Think about it! Everything
in our Universe can be created with 12 particles. We
call them particles but they are both waves and particles. In fact, everything, really everything, is
both waves and particles. It is just
that for a given mass the wave action is very, very small. And, it does not become noticeable until you
get down to the mass of the "elementary particle" , than it becomes
predominate.
-
- The forces
between particles can be described as force fields, or as the exchange of force
carrier particles, depending on whether you are talking about waves or
particles.
-
- If you are
talking about particles the force carrier is sort of like passing a medicine
ball between two people. When you catch
the ball you feel the momentum of the ball.
When you throw the ball you feel the inertia and the effort it takes to
give the ball its acceleration.
-
- There are 4
force carriers that carry the four forces between these elementary
particles. The 12 particles are called
Fermions because they all have a spin of ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The 4 force carriers are called Bosons
because they all have a spin of an integer, 1,2,3, etc.
-
- Spin is another name for angular momentum
because all of these particles and force carriers spin on their axis. If a particle carries an electric charge then
this spin also creates a magnetic momentum.
-
- The spin is
equal to Planck’s Constant / 2*pi. 2*pi
is the circumference of a circle, or it is a full wavelength. A particle can exist with a half wavelength,
but not less than that. Particles can
only exist in half wavelengths, or pi wavelengths.
-
------------------- Spin =
Planck’s Constant / 2*pi
-
------------------- Spin =
6.625 * 10^-34 kilometers * m^2/sec / 2*pi
-
- So, in
summary all the particles that make up matter (Fermions) have a spin of ½ and
all the particles that make up the forces between them (Bosons) have a spin of
1.
-
------------------- Spin
= 1/2 Spin = 1
------------------- -------- -----------
------------------- Electron graviton
------------------- Muon photon
------------------- Tau weak boson
------------------- Neutrino gluon
------------------- Quark
- There are 4 forces in the Universe and there
are 4 force carriers:
-
------------------- Gravity graviton
------------------- Electromagnetic photon
------------------- Weak
Force weak bosons
------------------- Strong
Force gluons
-
------------------- GRAVITON
-
- The graviton
force carrier is only a theory to date.
There has been no experimental evidence to prove its existence. But, something carries force between masses.
We just do not know what it is.
-
------------------- PHOTON
-
- Photons were
the first force carriers to be identified.
They are massless and have infinite range. The fact that photons can act both as waves
and as particles is illustrated best by the ordinary camera. Photons act as waves as they pass through the
glass lens and are focused by the optics.
Photons act as particles as they strike the light sensitive film or the
charge coupled devices, CCDs, to create the image.
-
- Photons are
always moving, and, in a vacuum, they move at a constant speed, 299,792,458
meters / second.(3*10^8 m/sec). The
energy or momentum that a photon carries is proportional to its frequency, or
wavelength. “h” is Planck’s Constant.
-
------------------- E
= h * f
-
- This momentum
can be transferred whenever it interacts with matter. Photon momentum is called
radiation pressure.
-
- Photons are
produced by atoms when its electron drops from one energy orbit to a lower
energy orbit. Photons are produced in
radioactivity, nuclear decay. Photons
are also produced whenever a charged particle is accelerated. The frequency, or wavelength distribution of
photons is related to temperature. This is known as the Blackbody Curve. (See
Review #539 - Birth of Quantum Mechanics)
-
------------------- BOSONS
-
- The Boson is
the force carrier for the Weak Nuclear Force. This is the force that holds
neutrons together. It actually comes in
3 types depending on its electric charge.
-
------------------- Weak
Boson^+1 positive charge
------------------- Weak
Boson^-1 negative charge
------------------- Zero
Boson^0 neutral, or zero charge
-
- The weak
bosons are very heavy, about 90 GeV, which is 100 times heavier than a proton
and even heavier than an atom of iron.
Weak Bosons are created in radioactivity, or nuclear decay.
-
-For example: Cobalt 60 has 33 neutrons and 27 protons. It decays in to Nickel 60 which has 32
neutrons and 28 protons + electron +
antineutrino. One of cobalt’s neutrons
decayed into a proton. The neutron is
made of one Up Quark and two Down Quarks.
One of the Down Quarks decayed into an Up Quark creating a proton and a
Weak Boson^-1. Then in a very short
lifetime the Weak Boson^-1 decayed into an electron and an antineutrino. The electron was first known as a beta
particle and the radioactivity was known as Beta Decay.
-
------------------------------------------------------ GLUONS
-
- The Gluon is
the force carrier for the Strong Nuclear Force.
This is the force that holds two protons together. Protons are both positive charges and the
electromagnetic force would repel them apart unless a stronger force can hold
them together in the nucleus. The Strong
Force is 60 times stronger than the electromagnetic force over a very short
range. Here is a relative comparison:
-
-------------------------------------------------- RELATIVE STRENGTH:
-
------------------- Gluons Strong Force
60*
------------------- Photons Electromagnetic Force 1
------------------- Bosons Weak Force 10^-4
------------------- Graviton Gravity Force 10^-41
-
* acting over a range of 3 * 10^-17 meters.
-
---------------------------------------------- MASS:
-
------------------- Gluons massless
------------------- Photons massless, but 6*10^-26 GeV momentum
------------------- Bosons 80.22 and 91.19 GeV
-
------------------------------------------ LIFETIME:
-
------------------- Gluons ?
------------------- Photons infinite
------------------- Bosons 3 *
10^-25 seconds
-
---------------------------------------------- RANGE:
-
------------------- Gluons 10^-15 meters
------------------- Photons infinite
------------------- Bosons 10^-18 meters
-
- The Bosons
are so massive, 90 GeV, even at the
speed of light the short lifetime limit’s the range of the Weak Force
interactions to 10^-18 meters, about 1000 times smaller than the diameter of
the atomic nucleus.
-
------------------- 3*10^8
m/sec *
3 * 10^-25 seconds = 9 * 10^-17 meters
-
- The Gluons
and Photons are massless. It is believed
that the Bosons are coupled to the Higgs Field which gives them mass. The Photons and Gluons are not coupled to the
Higgs. (See Review 2133 - Mass, Momentum
and Inertia)
-
- There are 3
different types of Weak Bosons depending on their electric charge. There are 8 different types of Gluons
depending on their “color”. The
interaction of Gluons and Quarks is the study of Quantum Chromodynamics ( QCD).
-
- Understanding
the elementary particles will tell us how our physical Universe began. What came out of the Big Bang? How did the Universe evolve to what we have
today? What is mass? What happened to the symmetry between matter
and antimatter? What is Dark Matter and
Dark Energy? There is still more to learn.
-
------------------------------
-
- See Review 2132 about Muons and Taus, the
Heavy Electrons.
-
------------------- Action is momentum over a distance.
-
-------------------
Action = mass * velocity * distance
-
-------------------
Energy = mass * velocity^2 = mass * velocity * velocity =
-
-------------------
Energy = momentum * velocity
-
-------------------
Energy = kilogram * meter^2/second^2
-
-------------------
Momentum = Planck’s Constant / wavelength
-
-------------------
Planck’s Constant = 6.625 * 10^-34 kilogram * meter^2/second
-
-------------------
Planck’s Constant is a unit of Action.
-
-------------------
Action = Energy * time
-
- October 18, 2018. 632
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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--- to:
------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Thursday, October 18, 2018 -------------------------
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