Thursday, October 18, 2018

Force Carriers, Gluons, Bosons, and Photons



-  2134  -  The Force Carriers, Gluons, Bosons, and Photons.  -  There are 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe.  There are 4 force carriers that carry the four forces between these elementary particles.  Understanding the elementary particles will tell us how our physical Universe began. 
-
-

-
 --------------------  2134   -  The Force Carriers, Gluons, Bosons, and Photons
-
-  There are 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe.  Think about it!   Everything in our Universe can be created with 12 particles.   We call them particles but they are both waves and particles.  In fact, everything, really everything, is both waves and particles.  It is just that for a given mass the wave action is very, very small.  And, it does not become noticeable until you get down to the mass of the "elementary particle" , than it becomes predominate.
-
-  The forces between particles can be described as force fields, or as the exchange of force carrier particles, depending on whether you are talking about waves or particles. 
-
-  If you are talking about particles the force carrier is sort of like passing a medicine ball between two people.  When you catch the ball you feel the momentum of the ball.  When you throw the ball you feel the inertia and the effort it takes to give the ball its acceleration.
-
-  There are 4 force carriers that carry the four forces between these elementary particles.  The 12 particles are called Fermions because they all have a spin of ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc.  The 4 force carriers are called Bosons because they all have a spin of an integer, 1,2,3, etc.
-
-    Spin is another name for angular momentum because all of these particles and force carriers spin on their axis.  If a particle carries an electric charge then this spin also creates a magnetic momentum. 
-
-  The spin is equal to Planck’s Constant / 2*pi.  2*pi is the circumference of a circle, or it is a full wavelength.  A particle can exist with a half wavelength, but not less than that.  Particles can only exist in half wavelengths, or pi wavelengths.
-
-------------------            Spin  =  Planck’s Constant / 2*pi
-
-------------------            Spin   =  6.625 * 10^-34 kilometers * m^2/sec / 2*pi
-
-  So, in summary all the particles that make up matter (Fermions) have a spin of ½ and all the particles that make up the forces between them (Bosons) have a spin of 1.
-          
-------------------            Spin = 1/2                    Spin = 1
-------------------            --------                          -----------
-------------------            Electron                       graviton
-------------------            Muon                           photon
-------------------            Tau                              weak boson
-------------------            Neutrino                      gluon
-------------------            Quark

-   There are 4 forces in the Universe and there are 4 force carriers:
 -
-------------------            Gravity                        graviton
-------------------            Electromagnetic          photon
-------------------            Weak Force                 weak bosons
-------------------            Strong Force               gluons
 -
-------------------                                                GRAVITON
-
-  The graviton force carrier is only a theory to date.  There has been no experimental evidence to prove its existence.  But, something carries force between masses. We just do not know what it is.
-
-------------------                                                PHOTON
-
-  Photons were the first force carriers to be identified.  They are massless and have infinite range.  The fact that photons can act both as waves and as particles is illustrated best by the ordinary camera.  Photons act as waves as they pass through the glass lens and are focused by the optics.  Photons act as particles as they strike the light sensitive film or the charge coupled devices, CCDs, to create the image.
-
-  Photons are always moving, and, in a vacuum, they move at a constant speed, 299,792,458 meters / second.(3*10^8 m/sec).  The energy or momentum that a photon carries is proportional to its frequency, or wavelength.  “h” is Planck’s Constant.
-
-------------------                                    E = h * f
-
-  This momentum can be transferred whenever it interacts with matter. Photon momentum is called radiation pressure.
-
-  Photons are produced by atoms when its electron drops from one energy orbit to a lower energy orbit.  Photons are produced in radioactivity, nuclear decay.  Photons are also produced whenever a charged particle is accelerated.  The frequency, or wavelength distribution of photons is related to temperature. This is known as the Blackbody Curve. (See Review #539 - Birth of Quantum Mechanics)
-
-------------------                                                BOSONS
-
-  The Boson is the force carrier for the Weak Nuclear Force. This is the force that holds neutrons together.  It actually comes in 3 types depending on its electric charge.
-
-------------------            Weak Boson^+1         positive charge
-------------------            Weak Boson^-1          negative charge
-------------------            Zero Boson^0 neutral, or zero charge
-
-  The weak bosons are very heavy, about 90 GeV, which is 100 times heavier than a proton and even heavier than an atom of iron.  Weak Bosons are created in radioactivity, or nuclear decay.
- 
-For example:   Cobalt 60 has 33 neutrons and 27 protons.  It decays in to Nickel 60 which has 32 neutrons and 28 protons  + electron + antineutrino.  One of cobalt’s neutrons decayed into a proton.  The neutron is made of one Up Quark and two Down Quarks.  One of the Down Quarks decayed into an Up Quark creating a proton and a Weak Boson^-1.  Then in a very short lifetime the Weak Boson^-1 decayed into an electron and an antineutrino.  The electron was first known as a beta particle and the radioactivity was known as Beta Decay.
-
------------------------------------------------------                 GLUONS
-
-  The Gluon is the force carrier for the Strong Nuclear Force.  This is the force that holds two protons together.  Protons are both positive charges and the electromagnetic force would repel them apart unless a stronger force can hold them together in the nucleus.  The Strong Force is 60 times stronger than the electromagnetic force over a very short range.  Here is a relative comparison:
-
--------------------------------------------------          RELATIVE STRENGTH:
-
-------------------            Gluons                        Strong Force                         60*
-------------------            Photons                       Electromagnetic Force            1
-------------------            Bosons                                   Weak Force                             10^-4
-------------------            Graviton                      Gravity Force                         10^-41
-
* acting over a range of 3 * 10^-17 meters.
-
----------------------------------------------   MASS:
-
-------------------            Gluons                        massless
-------------------            Photons                       massless, but    6*10^-26 GeV momentum
-------------------            Bosons                                   80.22 and 91.19 GeV
-
------------------------------------------                    LIFETIME:
-
-------------------            Gluons                            ?
-------------------            Photons                       infinite
-------------------            Bosons                                  3 * 10^-25 seconds
-
----------------------------------------------   RANGE:
-
-------------------            Gluons                      10^-15 meters
-------------------            Photons                       infinite
-------------------            Bosons                                 10^-18 meters
-
-   The Bosons are so massive, 90 GeV,  even at the speed of light the short lifetime limit’s the range of the Weak Force interactions to 10^-18 meters, about 1000 times smaller than the diameter of the atomic nucleus.
-
-------------------            3*10^8 m/sec  *  3 * 10^-25 seconds  =  9 * 10^-17 meters
-
-  The Gluons and Photons are massless.  It is believed that the Bosons are coupled to the Higgs Field which gives them mass.  The Photons and Gluons are not coupled to the Higgs.  (See Review 2133 - Mass, Momentum and Inertia)
-
-  There are 3 different types of Weak Bosons depending on their electric charge.  There are 8 different types of Gluons depending on their “color”.  The interaction of Gluons and Quarks is the study of Quantum Chromodynamics ( QCD).
-
-  Understanding the elementary particles will tell us how our physical Universe began.  What came out of the Big Bang?  How did the Universe evolve to what we have today?  What is mass?  What happened to the symmetry between matter and antimatter?  What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy?  There is still more to learn.
-
------------------------------
-
-   See Review 2132 about Muons and Taus, the Heavy Electrons.
-
-------------------  Action is momentum over a distance. 
-
-------------------  Action = mass * velocity * distance
-
-------------------  Energy = mass * velocity^2  =  mass * velocity * velocity  =
-
-------------------  Energy  =  momentum * velocity
-
-------------------  Energy = kilogram * meter^2/second^2
-
-------------------  Momentum = Planck’s Constant / wavelength
-
-------------------  Planck’s Constant = 6.625 * 10^-34 kilogram * meter^2/second
-
-------------------  Planck’s Constant is a unit of Action.
-
-------------------  Action = Energy * time
-
-  October 18, 2018.            632
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 
--  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------
-  https://plus.google.com/u/0/  -- www.facebook.com  -- www.twitter.com
 ---------------------   Thursday, October 18, 2018   -------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




                      

No comments:

Post a Comment