-
2120 - Fundamental Measurements boil down to mass and
space and time. It is amazing how many
observations get measured in kilograms for mass, meters for distance, length,
or space, and seconds for time. Mass is
the same as Energy according to E=mc^2.
Energy equals the product of mass in kilograms and the speed of light
times the speed of light.
-
-
-
---------------------------------- 2120 -
Fundamental Measurements
-
- Fundamental
measurements boil down to mass and space and time. It is amazing how many observations get
measured in kilograms for mass, meters for distance, length, or space, and
seconds for time.
-
- Mass is the
same as Energy according to E=mc^2.
Energy equals the product of mass in kilograms and the speed of light
times the speed of light. So, Energy is
measured as the product of kilograms and meters per second times meters per
second.
-
- The speed of light is a constant number,
3*10^8 meters/second, so the speed of light squared is a constant number,
9*10^16 meters^2/second^2. Energy and
mass are the same thing with this constant number as the multiplier for mass.
-
- Energy
= mass in kilograms * (9*10^16 meters^2/second^2)
-
- Energy is measured in kilograms * (meters/second)^2
-
- Energy =
kg*m^2/sec^2
-
- E = mass
* 9 * 10^16
-
- Force is the
product of mass and acceleration.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity , or, velocity per second.
-
-
F =
m*a.
-
- Force
is measured in kilograms * meters / second^2
-
- Force
= kg* m / sec^2
-
- Force
is about the same as Energy. Energy is
simply a force operating over a distance.
-
- Energy
= Force * distance.
-
- Action is
Energy expended of some time. Action is
therefore Force used over a distance over some time.
-
- Action
= Force * distance * time
-
- Action
= kg * m^2 / sec
-
- Gravity is a
force unless you get into the theory of relativity where it becomes a curvature
of space-time. But, that is getting
ahead of ourselves. Let’s deal with
gravity as a force first.
-
- Weight is often mistaken for mass. Weight is actually the force of gravity. Force = mass * acceleration and on the
surface of Earth the constant acceleration of gravity is 9.81 meters/second^2. The force of gravity = mass * 9.81 m/sec^2
-
- Gravity
= kg* meters /second^2
-
- Pressure is
the same as a force and it is measured in the same units:
-
- Pressure
= kg* m/sec^2
-
-
- Torque is
also a force over distance, distance of rotation. So, torque is a form of energy, the energy of
angular momentum.
-
- Torque
= kg*m^2/sec^2
-
- Heat Flow is
another form of energy and it too is measured in kilograms*meters^2 / second^2
-
- Heat
Flow = kg*m^2/sec^2
-
- Entropy is
heat flow per degree Kelvin temperature.
Entropy is also measured in kilograms*meters^2 / second^2 * Kelvin. Entropy is Energy / degree Kelvin.
-
- Entropy in a total system always
increases. Entropy always increases
because the Universe is always moving towards greater randomness.
-
- Entropy
= kg*m^2/sec^2 / Kelvin
-
- Of course we
have other names for these units to make them easier to say, but I do not
believe the new names make them easier to understand:
-
- kilograms*meters/second^2 = Newtons, the unit of force
-
- kilograms*meters2/second^2 =
Joules, the unit of energy
-
- Power is
energy used over a period of time. Power
= Energy / second.
Power is measured in kilograms * meters^2 /
seconds^3. The more common unit for
kg*m^2/sec^3 is watts. Horsepower is
745.7 watts.
-
- Space per
unit time is called velocity. Velocity =
meters/ second. Both space and time
are relative because they always need a reference point to measure
against. To measure distance you must
have a starting point and an ending point.
To measure time you need a start and stop time. The measurement of space and time is always
made relative to the reference.
-
- To measure
total time in the Universe we need to start with the Big Bang and go out as far
as light has traveled at the constant velocity of 300,000,000 meters per second. (186,000 miles
per second).
-
- To measure total space we also need to start
with the Big Bang and go out as far as light has traveled. This we call the Observable Universe because
that is as far as light has gone for us to see.
The Observable Universe is 1.3 *10^26 meters in its radius.
-
- The total
time therefore is 1.3 * 10^26 meters divided by 3 * 10^8 meters/second. (time =
distance / velocity ) There are 3.16 seconds in a year. The calculation works out to the Universe
being 13.7 billion years old.
-
- The scale of
man is right in the middle. In round
numbers the scale of the Universe is 10^26 big.
And the scale of the smallest fundamental particles if 10^-26 meters
small. We are right in the middle.
-
- So, if
you zoom out by a factor of 10 and you do it 26 times you reach the edge of the
Observable Universe. If you zoom in by a
factor of 10 and you do it 26 times you reach the smallest fundamental
particles that the Universe is made of.
-
- We humans are
about 2*10^0 meters. ( Any number raised
to the zero power is 1). So, 2*1 = 2
meters. We are 2 * 10^0 meters tall.
-
- Some strange
things happen at both these extremes of the space scale. Recent discoveries at the edge of the
Universe is that the rate of expansion of space is accelerating at an ever
faster rate. The further distance the
galaxies are the faster they are receding.
-
- In fact, at
the edges of the Observable Universe the galaxies are receding faster than the
speed of light. It is not their local
velocity that is greater than the speed of light. It is that the space between us and the
distant galaxy is expanding faster than the speed of light.
-
- Space
expansion does not contradict the theory of relativity which says no object
exceeds the speed of light in a vacuum.
The effect of this discovery is that all the galaxies are receding out
of sight. The Universe is becoming a
giant void. In a few billion years we
will not be able to see any other galaxies.
The Milky Way will appear to us to be all alone in the Universe.
-
- On the other
extreme, as we zoom down by a factor of ten 26 times we find that the
fundamental particles of the Universe are actually waves, not just
particles. But, they are waves that come
in packets, that might be called particles, or quantum’s. At the smallest extreme we enter the world of
Quantum Mechanics where particles and waves are interchangeable concepts.
-
------------------------ The
diameter of the atom is 10^-10 meters.
-
------------------------- The diameter of the atomic nucleus is 10^-15
meters.
-
- ------------------------ The diameters of the
electron, photon, neutrino, and the other smallest fundamental particles gets
down below 10^-26 meters.
-
- We enter the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
which directs that we cannot know both position and motion of a particle at the
same time. Space at the quantum level
becomes measurements of uncertainty and probabilities. Waves and particles have a dual identity that
can only be understood statistically.
-
- The smallest
Quantum Length is 1.616*10^-35 meters.
That is the smallest dimension of space, theoretically.
-
-------------------------- The smallest Quantum Mass is 2.18*10^-8
kilograms
-
-------------------------- The smallest Quantum Time is 1.71*10^-43
seconds.
-
- All of these quantum
units are defined by the quantum unit of action known as Planck’s Constant
which is 6.63*10^-34 joule* seconds. The
symbol for Planck’s Constant is “h”.
-
“h” =
6.63*10^-34 kg*m^2/sec
-
---------- “h” = 10^-34
-
----------- A
unit of action = Force * distance* time.
-
----------- A
unit of action = Energy * time.
-
- Each of these
Planck Units can be defined as ratios of Planck’s Constant, the Gravitational
Constant , and the Constant Speed of Light.
I will not go into the formulas but the Gravitational Constant is the
only one not introduced and it has the symbol “G”.
-
- G = 6.67*10^-11 m^3/kg*sec^2
-
- G =
10^-11
-
- Note that all
of these measurements can be reduced down to kilograms, meters and
seconds. Mass, Space and Time. If you had more endurance as a reader we
could get into electricity and magnetism and gravity. These two would contain the basic units of
kilograms, meters and seconds. Amazing!
----------------------------------------------------------------
-
(1) Planck Length
= square root G*h/2*pi*c^3
-
(2) Planck Mass
= square root h*c/2*pi*G
-
(3) Planck Time
= square root G*h/2*pi*c^5
-
--------------------------------------------------- Other Reviews available:
-
- 1412 -
Measurement accuracy as good as your standards. Are we ready to change our standards of
measurements?`
-
- 784 -
Space-time , energy and calculus.
-
- 723 - Updated
to 2120.
-
- 724 - It
is a small world after all. When
particles become very small they behave like waves, not particles.
-
- 725 The small world is not only lumpy it is in
deterministic. The smaller the wavelength
the greater the energy.
-
- October 18, 2018
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for
copies or Index of all reviews
--- to:
------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick”
-----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
--------------------- Thursday, October 18, 2018 -------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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