Thursday, October 18, 2018

Mass, space, and time in Measurements



-  2120  -  Fundamental Measurements boil down to mass and space and time.  It is amazing how many observations get measured in kilograms for mass, meters for distance, length, or space, and seconds for time.  Mass is the same as Energy according to E=mc^2.  Energy equals the product of mass in kilograms and the speed of light times the speed of light.
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----------------------------------  2120  -  Fundamental Measurements
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-   Fundamental measurements boil down to mass and space and time.  It is amazing how many observations get measured in kilograms for mass, meters for distance, length, or space, and seconds for time.
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-  Mass is the same as Energy according to E=mc^2.  Energy equals the product of mass in kilograms and the speed of light times the speed of light.   So, Energy is measured as the product of kilograms and meters per second times meters per second.
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-   The speed of light is a constant number, 3*10^8 meters/second, so the speed of light squared is a constant number, 9*10^16 meters^2/second^2.  Energy and mass are the same thing with this constant number as the multiplier for mass.
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-           Energy  =  mass in kilograms * (9*10^16   meters^2/second^2)
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-           Energy  is measured in kilograms * (meters/second)^2
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-           Energy  =   kg*m^2/sec^2
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-           E  =  mass * 9 * 10^16
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-  Force is the product of mass and acceleration.  Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity , or,  velocity per second.
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-           F  =  m*a.   
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-           Force is measured in kilograms * meters / second^2
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-           Force = kg* m / sec^2
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-           Force is about the same as Energy.  Energy is simply a force operating over a distance.  
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-           Energy = Force * distance.
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-  Action is Energy expended of some time.  Action is therefore Force used over a distance over some time.
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-           Action  =  Force * distance * time
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-           Action  =  kg * m^2 / sec
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-  Gravity is a force unless you get into the theory of relativity where it becomes a curvature of space-time.  But, that is getting ahead of ourselves.  Let’s deal with gravity as a force first.
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-   Weight is often mistaken for mass.  Weight is actually the force of gravity.  Force = mass * acceleration and on the surface of Earth the constant acceleration of gravity is 9.81 meters/second^2.  The force of gravity = mass * 9.81 m/sec^2
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-           Gravity  =  kg* meters /second^2
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-  Pressure is the same as a force and it is measured in the same units:
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-           Pressure  =  kg* m/sec^2
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-  Torque is also a force over distance, distance of rotation.  So, torque is a form of energy, the energy of angular momentum.
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-           Torque  =  kg*m^2/sec^2
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-  Heat Flow is another form of energy and it too is measured in kilograms*meters^2 / second^2
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-           Heat Flow  =  kg*m^2/sec^2
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-  Entropy is heat flow per degree Kelvin temperature.  Entropy is also measured in kilograms*meters^2 / second^2 * Kelvin.  Entropy is Energy / degree Kelvin.
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-   Entropy in a total system always increases.  Entropy always increases because the Universe is always moving towards greater randomness.
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-           Entropy  =  kg*m^2/sec^2 / Kelvin
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-  Of course we have other names for these units to make them easier to say, but I do not believe the new names make them easier to understand:
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-           kilograms*meters/second^2  = Newtons, the unit of force
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-           kilograms*meters2/second^2  =  Joules, the unit of energy
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-  Power is energy used over a period of time.  Power = Energy / second.
Power is measured in kilograms * meters^2 / seconds^3.  The more common unit for kg*m^2/sec^3 is watts.  Horsepower is 745.7 watts.
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-  Space per unit time is called velocity.  Velocity = meters/ second.    Both space and time are relative because they always need a reference point to measure against.  To measure distance you must have a starting point and an ending point.  To measure time you need a start and stop time.  The measurement of space and time is always made relative to the reference.
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-  To measure total time in the Universe we need to start with the Big Bang and go out as far as light has traveled at the constant velocity of  300,000,000 meters per second. (186,000 miles per second).
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-   To measure total space we also need to start with the Big Bang and go out as far as light has traveled.  This we call the Observable Universe because that is as far as light has gone for us to see.  The Observable Universe is 1.3 *10^26 meters in its radius.
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-  The total time therefore is 1.3 * 10^26 meters divided by 3 * 10^8 meters/second. (time = distance / velocity ) There are 3.16 seconds in a year.  The calculation works out to the Universe being 13.7 billion years old.
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-  The scale of man is right in the middle.  In round numbers the scale of the Universe is 10^26 big.  And the scale of the smallest fundamental particles if 10^-26 meters small.  We are right in the middle.
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-   So,  if you zoom out by a factor of 10 and you do it 26 times you reach the edge of the Observable Universe.  If you zoom in by a factor of 10 and you do it 26 times you reach the smallest fundamental particles that the Universe is made of.  
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-  We humans are about 2*10^0 meters.  ( Any number raised to the zero power is 1).  So, 2*1 = 2 meters.  We are 2 * 10^0 meters tall.
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-  Some strange things happen at both these extremes of the space scale.  Recent discoveries at the edge of the Universe is that the rate of expansion of space is accelerating at an ever faster rate.  The further distance the galaxies are the faster they are receding. 
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-  In fact, at the edges of the Observable Universe the galaxies are receding faster than the speed of light.  It is not their local velocity that is greater than the speed of light.  It is that the space between us and the distant galaxy is expanding faster than the speed of light.
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-   Space expansion does not contradict the theory of relativity which says no object exceeds the speed of light in a vacuum.  The effect of this discovery is that all the galaxies are receding out of sight.  The Universe is becoming a giant void.  In a few billion years we will not be able to see any other galaxies.  The Milky Way will appear to us to be all alone in the Universe.
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-  On the other extreme, as we zoom down by a factor of ten 26 times we find that the fundamental particles of the Universe are actually waves, not just particles.  But, they are waves that come in packets, that might be called particles, or quantum’s.  At the smallest extreme we enter the world of Quantum Mechanics where particles and waves are interchangeable concepts.
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------------------------    The diameter of the atom is 10^-10 meters.
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-------------------------  The diameter of the atomic nucleus is 10^-15 meters.
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- ------------------------ The diameters of the electron, photon, neutrino, and the other smallest fundamental particles gets down below 10^-26 meters.
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-   We enter the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle which directs that we cannot know both position and motion of a particle at the same time.  Space at the quantum level becomes measurements of uncertainty and probabilities.  Waves and particles have a dual identity that can only be understood statistically.
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-  The smallest Quantum Length is 1.616*10^-35 meters.  That is the smallest dimension of space, theoretically.
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--------------------------  The smallest Quantum Mass is 2.18*10^-8 kilograms
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--------------------------  The smallest Quantum Time is 1.71*10^-43 seconds.
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-  All of these quantum units are defined by the quantum unit of action known as Planck’s Constant which is 6.63*10^-34 joule* seconds.  The symbol for Planck’s Constant is “h”. 
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            “h”  =  6.63*10^-34   kg*m^2/sec
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----------            “h”  = 10^-34
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-----------  A unit of action = Force * distance* time.
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-----------  A unit of action = Energy * time.
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-  Each of these Planck Units can be defined as ratios of Planck’s Constant, the Gravitational Constant , and the Constant Speed of Light.  I will not go into the formulas but the Gravitational Constant is the only one not introduced and it has the symbol “G”.
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-           G  = 6.67*10^-11 m^3/kg*sec^2
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-           G = 10^-11
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-  Note that all of these measurements can be reduced down to kilograms, meters and seconds.  Mass, Space and Time.  If you had more endurance as a reader we could get into electricity and magnetism and gravity.  These two would contain the basic units of kilograms, meters and seconds.  Amazing!
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(1)  Planck Length = square root G*h/2*pi*c^3
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(2)  Planck Mass = square root h*c/2*pi*G
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(3)  Planck Time = square root G*h/2*pi*c^5
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---------------------------------------------------  Other Reviews available:
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-  1412  -  Measurement accuracy as good as your standards.  Are we ready to change our standards of measurements?`
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-  784  -  Space-time , energy and calculus.
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-  723  -  Updated to 2120.
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-  724  -  It is a small world after all.  When particles become very small they behave like waves, not particles.
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-  725  The small world is not only lumpy it is in deterministic.  The smaller the wavelength the greater the energy. 
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-  October 18, 2018            
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 ---------------------   Thursday, October 18, 2018   -------------------------
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