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------------------- 2483 - EINSTEIN - testing his theories?
-- Three experiments have been completed that prove his equations to be correct.
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- Under most ordinary situations the predictions of Newtonian gravity and Einstein’s gravity as the curvature of space-time differ so little that experiments can’t differentiate between them. You need to get within the vicinity of a Black Hole or close to the Big Bang before the two theories give different results.
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- The first experiment concerns the planet Mercury which orbits very close to the Sun. It should circle the Sun and show up at the same point every year. But, there is the slight pull of the other planets, particularly Jupiter and Venus. This extra gravity pull of the planets causes Mercury to advance 531 seconds in arc every century. ( a very small number ). However, using Newtonian equations for gravity astronomers get an answer that is 43 seconds of arc faster.
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- Newton’s equations for gravity predict the Mercury’s perihelion , closest approach to the Sun, should advance 531 seconds per century. Based on the gravitational influences from Venus (+277 seconds), Jupiter (+153 seconds), Earth (+90 seconds) and the 5 other planets (+10 seconds). Yet, its observed advancement is 574 seconds per century. An error of +43 seconds.
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- Using Einstein’s equations Mercury gets a tiny additional push from gravity due to its increase in mass caused by the high-speed orbit that it experiences. His equations account for the additional 43 seconds.
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- The second experiment concerns the proposal that gravity bends light ( electrical magnetic radiation in general). When radio waves from distant quasars pass by the Sun’s surface the measured displacement of the waves always matches Einstein’s predictions.
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- Matter warps space-time and whenever a moving object encounters that warp its path of motion gets deflected. That deflection affects photons and well as planets that pass by a massive object.
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- In 1919 astronomers photographed the position of stars behind the Sun and then photographed them near the Sun’s limb during a total eclipse. The starlight grazing the Sun’s limb got deflected 1.75 seconds of arc, exactly what the equations predict. This is equivalent to the angular diameter of a quarter at a distance of 2 miles.
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- The third prediction is that light moving upward in a gravitational field would have its wavelength shifted to the red. Light looses energy as it climbs out to the gravitational field. For the Sun this redshift amounts to only 2 parts per million. More massive stars have a greater shift. Astronomers have measured the shift of light emanating from a White Dwarf and found the redshift to be within 20% of Einstein’s predictions.
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- To imagine this effect put a laser and a detector at either end of a space ship. The wavelength of the laser light and the wavelength of the detected light would be the same. However, if the space ship were in free fall in a gravitational field the falling laser-detector would experience a Doppler shift making the wavelength detected shorter and bluer.
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- But, Einstein’s theory says the laser wavelength can not change due to relative motion so the light moving against gravity must be redshifted to compensate and keep the detected wavelength the same. The laser source and detector still measure the same wavelength regardless of the free-fall through gravity.
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- Astronomers have measured the gravity redshift of the white dwarf Sirius B and found a redshift equivalent to the star moving away from Earth at 200,000 miles per hour.
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- The fact that light bends with gravity, or that light falls with gravity sets up the conditions that if gravity were strong enough light could not escape. The condition occurs when the speed of light is smaller that the escape velocity needed to escape the surface of the horrendous mass. It is called a Black Hole.
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- It will appear to 2 observers in uniform relative motion the each other’s clock runs slower, more time duration between clicks.
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-------------- Time measured^2 = Time at rest^2 / (1 - v^2/c^2)
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-------------- where v = relative velocity of observer in motion compared to observer at rest
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-------------- c = the speed of light
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- Mass increases with velocity. That is why the planet Mercury appears to be heavier increasing the gravity pull of the Sun and planets.
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-------------- Mass measured^2 = Mass at rest^2 / (1 - v^2/c^2)
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-------------- where v = relative velocity of observer in motion compared to observer at rest
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- Kinetic Energy = (mass in motion - mass at rest ) c^2. E = mc^2. This formula becomes KE = ½ mv^2, as the velocity is much less than the speed of light. To an observer in a car rounding a bend at constant velocity objects in the car appear to suffer a centripetal fore acting outward.
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- However, to an observer outside the car this is simply their tendency to continue moving in a straight line. An inward force is needed to make them circle around the bend. To the observer in the car all the objects are given the same acceleration irrespective of their mass. Inertia mass is the same as gravitational mass.
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- Einstein’s cosmological equation is simply: R -½*g*R = 8*pi*T - C
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- This equation tells how matter and energy warps space-time. T = the stress-energy tensor, g = the metric tensor. Tensors are mathematical expressions which turn one vector into another vector. Tensors transform the space-time coordinates from one observer to another.
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- C = the cosmological constant. Einstein originally stuck that constant in to make the Universe static which he thought it was. Now the cosmological constant is thought to be a positive number making the Universe accelerate in its expansion.
- A forth test is occurring every day in the GPS system, the Global Positioning System of 24 satellites each containing a precision atomic clock traveling 14,500 miles above the Earth. By measuring the time it takes for signals to travel from several satellites to your location a GPS receiver calculates your exact location.
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- According to Einstein theory as satellites are moving fast their clocks should be running slower while they are flying above the Earth experiencing much less gravity force which should speed up the clocks. The atomic clocks are accurate to 13 decimal places.
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- If Einstein’s equations were not used to correct for the faster speed and lower gravity the cumulative error would be 7 miles per day in the position of each satellite. GPS only works because it believes in the Theory of Relativity.
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- Now do you believe the theory of Relativity? There must be more to learn, stay tuned.
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- November 14, 2019 768 2483
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--------------------- Thursday, November 14, 2019 -------------------------
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