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-------------------- 2475 - SPACE - is not nothing
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- Space as in Outer Space is different. It can’t be “ nothing” because light waves travel through it. And, “ waves” require some medium in which to have oscillations. Therefore, space can’t be just a vacuum. At least that was what was thought?
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- But, way back in 1887, the famous Morley-Michelson experiment realized that if light waves went through a medium they could be measured at different speeds traveling in different directions through the medium.
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- The Earth is traveling around the Sun at 67,000 miles per hour. If light’s velocity was measured going in the same direction and then in the opposite direction of travel light should have a different speeds. There was no difference, therefore, there was no medium, no “ether“.
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- In 1905 Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity showed us that light being electric and magnetic oscillations, actually pulses of photons, needed no medium and could travel through the vacuum of space.
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- When spectroscopy was used to study space we learned that space was full of dust, particles, atoms. They were mostly hydrogen atoms ( proton and electron), but, the average was one particle per cubic centimeter of space. Each sugar cube volume of space contained one atom, on average.
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- Around the Sun space is bombarded with a “ Solar Wind” of particles that has an average density of 3 to 6 atoms per cubic centimeter. This Solar Wind is strong enough to create a comet’s tail.
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- Outer space also bombards us with Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays are mostly protons, (hydrogen nuclei) , but, sometimes some heavier atomic nuclei. A mystery lies behind the fact that 99% are positive charged protons, or nuclei, but, what happened to their negative charged electrons? They must be out there somewhere in space?
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- We are also bombarded from space by 3 varieties of neutrinos. Their masses so tiny they fly right through us and through the Earth back into space.
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- One conclusion must be that space is full of particles.
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- Space is also full of “ fields”, magnetic fields, electric fields, gravity fields, or waves. These fields are traveling energy. There is another mystery in an anti-gravity traveling energy, a “ vacuum energy”, that is expanding all of space. Even accelerating the expansion.
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- This vacuum energy was demonstrated in the lab in 1930s known as the Casimir Effect. This mysterious energy is thought to be caused by particles and anti-particles filling space and constantly going into and out of existence. If true, than space is not empty at all but really full of particles, many particles and anti-particles.
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- Today this vacuum energy is given the name Dark Energy and it is credited to ever expanding space at an accelerating rate.
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- Space is what we humans use to separate things. It is measured as distance between things. That distance may be full of stuff, but, it works to keep things separated. Just as time is used to keep things from all happening at once.
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- Space as a separation of things extends from the very smallest to the very largest.
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------------------ 10^-35 meters is believed to be quantum space and the smallest space can be divided.
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----------------- 10^? meters is the length of Quarks separated by Muons
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----------------- 10^-14 meters is the size of a carbon nucleus, 14 protons, and 42 Quarks
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----------------- 10^-11 meters is the size of a carbon atom with the nucleus and 14 electrons.
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----------------- 10^0 is us
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----------------- 10^6 is the Earth
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----------------- 10^8 is Moon’s orbit
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----------------- 10^11 is Earth’s orbit
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----------------- 10^13 is the Solar System
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----------------- 10^21 is the Milky Way Galaxy
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----------------- 10^58 is the Observable Universe
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----------------- 10^? is the actual Universe including Cosmic Inflation.
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- All things are separated in space, from the smallest to the largest. Somehow they are separated but still all interconnected? There is a Quantum Theory called “ Entanglement” that states there is “ something” in space tying all things together.
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- Two particles with Entangled properties remain connected even at opposite ends of the Universe. An electron with spin up has a twin with spin down. If one reverses the other reverses instantaneously regardless of their enormous separation. The communication is faster than the speed of light. There is “something” about space the remains interconnected.
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- The Theory of relativity states that space and time are also interconnected. As velocity approaches the speed of light space shrinks and time slows. The star Procyon is 11 light years distance. But, if we could travel at 99% the speed of light , space would shrink, and it would take only 2 years to get there. The size of space depends on how fast your are going.
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- What else do we conclude about space?
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--------- Space is not empty
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--------- Space gives us distances that is variable depending on the velocity and the strength of gravity.
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--------- Space still interconnects entangled bodies.
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---------- Space at the smallest level may be a discrete package the can not be divided further, a quantum particle of space.
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--------- Space may have more than 3 - dimensions. There may be extra dimensions wrapped up so small we cannot detect them.
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--------- Space is not nothing. At the bare minimum it can tie your brain into a knot.
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- There is much Todo about “nothing” because there is much more Nothing in this world then there is “something“. By the world I mean the Universe. It is 74% empty space. However, science is now studying empty space and calling it Dark Energy because it appears to be empty space , or Nothing, still contains repulsive energy, or anti-gravity. And, that is something but, we don't know what it is?
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- If you call what you cannot see “nothing” then another 22% of the Universe is “nothing” called Dark Matter which we also cannot see. Only 4% is left that we can see and we call it matter.
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- But even matter which is something is made of atoms and 99% of atoms is empty space as well. We think matter is solid but it really isn’t. It is really very small sub-atomic particles held together by electromagnetic and nuclear forces. It is the electromagnetic forces in the floor and in your feet that are holding you up, not the particles in the floor or in your feet. “Nothing” is keeping you from falling to the center of the Earth.
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- The Universe is expanding very rapidly which means more Nothing is being created all the time at an even more rapid rate. This discovery that the Universe is expanding at an ever accelerating rate is the most important astronomical discovery in this century. Someone else got the idea first.
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- Dark Matter which we cannot see still has weight. About one pound of Dark Matter exists in every cube of empty space 250,000 miles on a side.
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- In Nothing, empty space, there is total silence. Sound cannot travel through nothing. It needs a medium to vibrate in order for sound to exist. However, electromagnetic waves need no medium to travel through. They can pass right through Nothing. Light can travel through a vacuum. In fact it always moves at 186,000 miles / second through a vacuum. It travels slower through all other medium.
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- Black Holes are the opposites of Nothing. They are the densest concentrations of mass known in the Universe.
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- Vacuums do not suck. Vacuums are simply empty space whereby surrounding pressures can push things into.
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- Was the Universe created out of Nothing? Current theories suggest that the Universe was created out of only "vacuum energy". That is the energy that resides in Nothing. If you are a physicists or an astronomer there is no such thing as Nothing. Even empty space is filled with particles and anti-particles.
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- These particles vibrate in and out of existence, annihilating each other in 10^-25 seconds. These virtual particles, jumping in and out of existence, are what create Dark Energy. And, according to quantum mechanics equations, the amount of energy in empty space is enormous. Like 1 followed by 120 zeros. - Have you ever noticed that the more zeros, or nothings, behind a number the bigger it gets.
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- Physics defines a vacuum as a physical state totally devoid of particles, either particles of matter or photons of radiation. Such a vacuum does not exist in practice. The first vacuums of sorts were produced in 1838 when Faraday tried to pass electric current through a vacuumed vessel.
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- The effects of matter and repulsive anti-gravity force of Dark Energy shape space. So, this is strange, astronomers are arguing over the shape of Nothing. Depending on the quantities of these attributes in the Universe the shape of Nothing is either flat, spherical or hyperbolical (saddle shaped).
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- The shape is defined by the behavior of parallel lines. If the parallel lines stay parallel no matter how far they extend into space then space is flat. If they eventually cross, or intersect, then space is spherical. If they diverge, continually getting farther apart, than space is hyperbolic in shape.
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- In 1950 space was just thought of as everything above the Earth’s atmosphere. That is when the Space Age began. In 1883 a Russian was the first to determine that a rocket could operate in space. It was 1926 when the first rocket was launched to prove he was right.
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- Of course, everyone remembers 1957 when Sputnik became the first satellite to be launched into space. In 1961 the first human was launched into space, Yuri Gargarin. In 1962 John Glenn was the first American to complete an orbit circling the Earth in space.
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- In 1923 Louis De Broglie took Einstein’s E=mc^2 and Planck’s E=hf and concluded that all particles are also waves. Called the “wave-particle duality“. If all particles are waves and waves are Nothing then “Everything” is Nothing.
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- If that’s true why even bother about anything because it is Nothing after all. The last 4% of the Universe are particles and they are waves, nothing is left! I have nothing else to say about Nothing.
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- November 5, 2019 1773 2074 2475
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--------------------- Tuesday, November 5, 2019 --------------------
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