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--------------------- 2490 - QUASARS - light from distant past?
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- Quasars are Black Holes with personalities. The Black Hole in our own Milky Way galaxy is not a Quasar because it is not active, a benign personality. However, Black Holes in the center of most galaxies are active and are high energy sources of energy. Quasars can emit more energy in one second that our Sun can emit over 200 years.
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- Quasars were first discovered in 1936 by a backyard astronomer. He used a home built radio telescope to discover a “ Quasi-stellar radio source”, a QSRS, or a Quasar as they later became known. Because Quasars are so bright we can see them in the very farthest distances and therefore in the very distant past, back to when the Universe was first born. Also, Quasars emit all forms of electromagnetic energy from radio waves to Gamma Rays.
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- Over 100,000 quasars have now been discovered and cataloged. Astronomer’s now believe they all are active Black Holes in the hearts of most every galaxy.
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- Quasars often vary in brightness with variation periods as rapid as 3 hours. Brightness can not vary faster than light travels across its surface meaning the source must be relatively small, about the size of our Solar System, yet have the luminosity of 100 galaxies, billions of stars.
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- Quasars emit X-rays because the radiation emitted heats up intergalactic gas up to million of degrees.
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- Monster Quasars are called Blazars and recent ones have been measured to have a mass of 10 billion Suns. They reside as far as 12.5 billion lightyears away. These may not be monsters as much as ordinary Quasars that have their poles pointing directly at us. We are in effect looking down the barrel of a gun.
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- We think Quasars are many different objects astronomers identify in the night sky. It is just different names for the same phenomena viewed from different directions, have different ages or sizes. Here is an example of measurements of 3 Quasars:
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- The light spectrums of each Quasar revealed the emission line of hydrogen gas, called H-alpha, the emission is known to be at exactly 656.2 nanometers wavelength. The measurements found these emissions were redshifted to longer wavelengths.
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------------- Quasar ------------------- Ha - wavelength
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------------- H1321+068 ----------- 790 nanometers
------------- H1324+246 ----------- 680
------------- H1419+480 ----------- 700
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------------- Ha, Alpha Hydrogen - 656.2
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- The redshift, called “z”, is the amount of shift as a percentage of the absolute wavelength. “z” = w-wo /wo. Where “wo” in this case is the absolute wavelength of Ha at 656.2 nanometers. The redshift, z = 133.8 nm / 656.2 nm = 20%
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------------- Quasar ------------------- Ha - nm ---- redshift
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------------- H1321+068 ----------- 790 -------- 20%
------------- H1324+246 ----------- 680 -------- 3.6%
------------- H1419+480 ----------- 700 -------- 6.7%
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------------- Ha, Alpha Hydrogen - 656.2 -------- 0%
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- By knowing how much the wavelength has lengthened we can calculate the receding velocity of the Quasar source. Receding Velocity = redshift * speed of light. Where: speed of light = 300,000 kilometers/second. Where: redshift = 20%. Receding Velocity = 61,000 kilometers / second.
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------------- Quasar ------------------- Ha, nm ---- redshift ------ velocity
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------------- H1321+068 ----------- 790 -------- 20% ------ 61,000 km/sec
------------- H1324+246 ----------- 680 --------- 3.6% ----- 10,900
------------ H1419+480 ------------ 700 --------- 6.7% ----- 20,000
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------------ Ha, Alpha Hydrogen --- 656.2 ------- 0% --------- 0
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- Now that we know the recession velocity we can us Hubble’s Constant for the expansion of the Universe to tell how far the Quasar is away from us. Hubble’s Constant is Ho = 73.5 kilometers / second / Megaparsec. A Megaparsec is 3.262 million lightyears. Ho = 22.5 kilometers / second / million lightyears.
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- This constant rate of expansion tells us that for every million lightyears distance the receding velocity is moving at 22.4 kilometers/second. ( 47,000 miles per hour) faster. Distance = Receding Velocity / Ho. Distance = 61,000 / 22.5 MLY. Distance = 2,719 million lightyears.
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- Quasar ---- Ha, nm ---- redshift ------ V, km/sec ----- Distance
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- H1321 ----- 790 -------- 20% ------- 61,000 ----- 2,719 MLY
- H1324------ 680 ---------- 3.6% ----- 10,900 ----- 484
- H1419 -----700 ---------- 6.7% ----- 20,000 ------ 890
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- Ha -------- 656.2 --------- 0% --------- 0 ---------- 0
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- If we take the most distant Quasar and measure its apparent brightness we can tell how big it is. The Actual Brightness = Spherical area * Apparent Brightness. The Apparent Brightness is 3*10^-16 watts / meter^2. Actual Brightness = (4*pi*radius^2 )* (3*10^-16) watts. Radius is the 2,719 million lightyears. A million lightyears = 9.5*10^21 meters. The Actual Brightness = 1.26*10^39 watts. The Sun’s brightness is 3.8*10^26 watts. So, the Actual Brightness is 3,300 billion times that of our Sun.
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- Arthur Stanley Eddington was an astronomer who first did the calculations to set limits on how massive a star could get before turning into a Black Hole. Every star exists due to a balance of forces. There are the forces of gravity trying to collapse the star into its center.
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- Then, there are the nuclear forces that generate the heat and the radiation that is trying to expand outward, trying to blow the star apart. When you solve the equations for these two forces and set them equal to each other you obtain the balance the sustains the star over its lifetime. The outward radiation pressure = the gravitational pressure.
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-------------- Stars Luminosity / Stars Mass = 33,000 * Sun’s Luminosity / Sun’s Mass
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----------------- Where Sun’s Luminosity = 3.8*10^26 watts
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----------------- Where Sun’s Mass = 2*10^30 kilograms
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----------------- Where the Quasar’s Luminosity = 2.5*10^36 watts
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- Therefore the maximum Luminosity for the Quasar Star is 200,000 Solar Mass. But, the Quasar mass is 10,000,000 Solar Mass, so, it must be a Black Hole. It could not be a normal star and be that massive.
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- November 19, 2019. 2490 896
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--------------------- Tuesday, November 19, 2019 -------------------------
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